The single-axis subtalar joint is a hinge joining the talus and calcaneus. This joint allows the human foot to readily adapt to uneven terrain, modifies the forces of ambulation imposed upon the rest of the skeleton, and influences the performance of the more distal foot articulations as well.

With regard to fractures of the proximal diaphysis of the fifth metatarsal, controversies exist regarding the importance of the acuity or chronicity of prodromal symptoms, the incidence and potential cause of delayed unions and nonunions of this portion of the bone, as well as determining the most optimal method of treatment.

Delayed problems after calcaneus fracture can result from inadequate or inappropriate initial treatment. There may be problems after certain calcaneus fractures, however, regardless of the initial treatment, even if it is the most optimal.

There is a lot of confusion and misrepresentation about bunions in the world today, especially because this is such a common physical malady. The term bunion refers to a prominence at the inside aspect of the forefoot near the base of the big toe. The term bunion actually refers only to a prominence here, and the correct medical term is hallux valgus.

While the title of this chapter involves arthrodesis – the intentional fusion of a joint – as a form of reconstruction, this chapter will address not only surgical technique, but nonoperative methods of care as well.